A isi akụrụngwa na ngwá electronic ụlọ ọrụ na-akpọ ndị e biri ebi circuit iba (PCB). Nke a bụ a kwa isi akụrụngwa na-eme ka ọ na-esiri ọtụtụ ndị ike ịkọwa ihe a PCB bụ. Isiokwu a ga-akọwa n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ihe owuwu nke PCB na ụfọdụ n'ime okwu ndị na-eji na ubi nke PCB.

Na ọzọ peeji ole na ole, anyị ga-atụle ihe ndị mejupụtara nke PCB, gụnyere ụfọdụ ala, a nkenke nzukọ usoro, na mmalite na PCB imewe usoro.

Gịnị bụ a PCB?

Biri ebi circuit iba (PCB) bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị aha, na pụkwara-akpọ "e biri ebi wiring mbadamba" ma ọ bụ "ndị e biri ebi wiring kaadị". Tupu PCB pụtara, sekit bụ ndị uche-to-ebe wiring. Ntụkwasị obi nke usoro a bụ nnọọ ala, n'ihi na dị ka sekit afọ, ndị breakage nke akara nwere ike ime ka ihe na-emeghe ma ọ bụ obere sekit nke akara ọnụ.

Asọfe technology bụ isi ọganihu circuit technology na enhances anwụ ngwa ngwa na replaceability nke akara site asọfe obere dayameta wires gburugburu posts na nkwonkwo.

Dị ka ngwá electronic ụlọ ọrụ Nkea si agụụ akpa na relays ka sịlịkọn Semiconductors na integrated na sekit na sekit, hà na price nke latrik na-adalata adalata. Kọmputa na ngwaahịa na-apụta ihe na ọzọ ugboro ugboro na n'ji oru, apostle emepụta anya n'ihi na nta na ndị ọzọ na-eri-irè ngwọta. Ya mere, PCB mụrụ.

mejupụtara

The PCB anya dị ka a multi-layered achicha ma ọ bụ lasagna - a oyi akwa nke dị iche iche ihe na mmepụta, enwe ọnụ site na okpomọkụ na nrapado.

FR4

Mkpụrụ nke PCB bụ n'ozuzu iko eriri. N'ọnọdụ ka ukwuu, na faiba glaasi mkpụrụ nke a PCB na-na-akpọ dị ka "FR4". Siri ike ihe onwunwe "FR4" na-enye ndị ekweghị ekwe na ọkpụrụkpụ nke PCB. Na mgbakwunye na FR4 mkpụrụ, e nwere mgbanwe sekit mbadamba-emepụta na mgbanwe elu-okpomọkụ plastik (polyimide ma ọ bụ ndị dị ka) na dị ka.

Ị nwere ike ịchọta PCBs nke dị iche iche thicknesses; Otú ọ dị, na ọkpụrụkpụ nke SparkFun si ngwaahịa bụ ukwuu n'ime 1.6mm (0.063 "). Ụfọdụ ngwaahịa na-eji ndị ọzọ thicknesses, dị ka LilyPad na Arudino Pro Micro mbadamba na a ọkpụrụkpụ nke 0.8mm.

Cheap PCBs na oghere efere na-mere nke ihe ndị dị ka epoxy ma ọ bụ phenol, nke na-enweghị ihe anwụ ngwa ngwa nke FR4, ma ihe dị ọnụ ala karịa. Mgbe jikọtara ihe ndị dị otú ahụ mbadamba, ị ga-esi isi a otutu ísì ụtọ. Nke a na ụdị mkpụrụ a na-eji na nnọọ ala-ọgwụgwụ n'ji ngwaahịa. Phenolic bekee nwere a ala thermal decomposition okpomọkụ, na ogologo ịgbado ọkụ oge na-akpata decomposition na carbonization, na-enye onye wetara uto.

Ndị na-esonụ bụ a nnọọ mkpa ọla kọpa foil oyi akwa na-enwe n'ime mkpụrụ site na okpomọkụ na nyagide n'oge mmepụta. Na abụọ-kwadoro osisi, ọla kọpa foil na-enwe ka n'ihu na azụ n'akụkụ nke mkpụrụ. Na ụfọdụ ala-na-eri ngwa, ọla kọpa foil ike na a ga-enwe na otu akụkụ nke mkpụrụ. Mgbe anyị na-akpọ "abụọ-panel" ma ọ bụ "na-oyi akwa osisi", ọ pụtara na e nwere abụọ n'ígwé nke ọla kọpa foil na anyị lasagna. N'ezie, na dị iche iche PCB aghụghọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọla kọpa foil n'ígwé nwere ike dị ka obere dị ka otu oyi akwa ma ọ bụ ihe karịrị 16 n'ígwé.

Ọkpụrụkpụ nke ọla kọpa oyi akwa bụ dịtụ ukwuu na a na-tụrụ na ibu ibu. Ọ na-adịkarị kwupụtara edo arọ nke otu square ụkwụ nke ọla kọpa (oz). Kasị PCBs nwere a ọla kọpa ọkpụrụkpụ nke 1 oz, ma ụfọdụ elu-ike PCBs nwere ike iji 2 oz ma ọ bụ 3 oz ọla kọpa. Tọghata ounce (oz) kwa square ụkwụ, nke bụ banyere 35um ma ọ bụ 1.4mil ọla kọpa.

Soldermask

N'elu ọla kọpa oyi akwa bụ a solder nkpuchi. Nke a oyi akwa na-eme ka PCB anya green (ma ọ bụ SparkFun si red). The solder nkpuchi ekpuchi metụtara na ọla kọpa oyi akwa iji gbochie metụtara na PCB si abịa na kọntaktị na ndị ọzọ ọla, solder ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ conductive akpọkwa. Ọnụnọ nke a solder nkpuchi-enye gị ohere solder-nri ebe ma gbochie solder àkwà mmiri.

Silkscreen

N'elu solder nkpuchi, e nwere a na-acha ọcha silk ihuenyo oyi akwa. Akwụkwọ ozi, nọmba, na akara na-e biri ebi na silkscreen nke PCB ikwado nzukọ a na-eduzi gị mma ịghọta imewe nke osisi. Anyị na-eji na-silkscreen akara na-egosi na ọrụ nke ụfọdụ mkpọ ma ọ bụ LEDs.

Kacha nkịtị agba nke silk ihuenyo oyi akwa na-acha ọcha. N'otu aka ahụ, silk ihuenyo oyi akwa nwere ike n'ime ihe fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla na agba. Black, isi awọ, red na ọbụna odo silk meziri bụ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ obere ịhụ a dịgasị iche iche nke silkscreen na agba na a otu board.

Ke ofụri ofụri, solder masks bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ma fọrọ nke nta niile na agba nwere ike ji mee ihe maka solder masking.

ala

Ugbu a na ị maara ihe owuwu nke PCB, ka na-a lee anya na PCB metụtara ala.

Oghere mgbanaka - A ọla kọpa mgbanaka na a metallized onu PCB.

DRC - Design iwu atule. A omume na-achọpụtazi ọ bụrụ na imewe nwere njehie, dị ka shorted metụtara, oke mkpa metụtara, ma ọ bụ oke obere oghere.

Akuakuzinwo Oghere Hit - Ji na-egosi ndiiche nke chọrọ egwu ọnọdụ na n'ezie egwu itie ke imewe. Ezughị oke-egwu emmepe mere site masịrị malite ịgba ibe n'ibe na-a na-enwekarị nsogbu na PCB n'ichepụta.

(Gold) Aka - A iferi metal na mpe mpe akwa na n'akụkụ nke osisi na na a na-eji jikọọ abụọ mbadamba. Dị ka ihu kọmputa mgbasa modul, na ebe nchekwa osisi na agadi game kaadị.

Stamp oghere - Na mgbakwunye na V-Cut, e nwere ihe ọzọ na usoro nke osisi imewe. Site na-akpụ a na-adịghị ike na nkwonkwo n'etiti ụfọdụ na-aga n'ihu oghere, ọ dị mfe ikewapụ osisi si imposition.

Na mpe mpe akwa - A òkè nke metal gụrụ n'elu nke PCB na a na-eji solder ngwaọrụ.

Jigsaw - A nnukwu osisi mee nke ọtụtụ obere, butụrụ ibu mbadamba. Akpaghị aka sekit osisi mmepụta ngwá-enwekarị nsogbu mgbe amị obere mbadamba, na ijikọta ọtụtụ obere mbadamba pụrụ ọsọ n'elu mmepụta.

Stencil - A mkpa metal formwork (dịnụ dị ka plastic) na-etinye na PCB na-ekwe ka solder gabiga ụfọdụ ebe n'oge mgbakọ.

Buru-and-ebe - A igwe ma ọ bụ usoro na nsị mmiri na a osisi.

Ụgbọelu - A na-aga n'ihu mpempe ọla kọpa na osisi. Ọ na-akọwakarị site ókè, ọ bụghị site ụzọ. Makwaara dị ka "Ọla kọpa Ọla kọpa"

Metalized via - A onu PCB na e dere oghere mgbanaka na plated oghere mgbidi. The metallized via nwere ike njikọ n'ókè nke a nkwụnye na, na-edo nke mgbaàmà, ma ọ bụ a-arịọnụ onu.

The plated oghere mgbidi ekwe ka wires na abụọ nke PCB jikọta ọnụ.

Reflow soldering - nzube ka ha meworo solder ya na pad (SMD) na ngwaọrụ mkpọ jikọọ ọnụ.

Silkscreen - akwụkwọ ozi, nọmba, na akara, ma ọ bụ ndịna-emeputa na a PCB. Ihu ọma e nwere naanị otu na agba na onye ọ bụla osisi na mkpebi bụ dịtụ ala.

Slotting - ezo aka ọ bụla onu na PCB na-adịghị okirikiri. Slotting nwere ike electroplated ma ọ bụ. Ebe ọ bụ na slotting achọ ọzọ ọnwụ oge, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-eme ndị na-eri nke osisi.

Solder Paste Layer - A oyi akwa nke solder tapawa nke a ụfọdụ ọkpụrụkpụ kpụrụ na pad nke elu ugwu ngwaọrụ site na a stencil tupu ịtụkwasị mmiri na PCB. N'oge reflow usoro, solder tapawa agbaze na akọwaputa a pụrụ ịdabere na eletriki na n'ibu njikọ n'etiti na mpe mpe akwa na ngwaọrụ mkpọ.

Jikọtara Ọkụ - A oku maka soldering inserts. N'ozuzu, e nwere otu obere ego nke wụrụ awụ solder n'ime, na osisi na-ngwa ngwa gabiga, ya na kpughere mkpọ nwere ike soldered.

Solder Nkpuchi - Iji gbochie obere sekit na sekit, corrosion, na nsogbu ndị ọzọ, ọla kọpa kpuchie a na-echebe film. The-echebe film bụ na-emekarị green ma ọ bụ o nwere ike ịbụ ndị ọzọ na agba (SparkFun Red, Arduino Blue, ma ọ bụ Apple Black). N'ozuzu kwuru na dị ka "ndị na-eguzogide soldering."

Lianxi - The abụọ ejikọrọ na mkpọ niile na ngwaọrụ na-ọhụma ejikọrọ na a obere dobe solder.

N'elu-arịọnụ - A usoro nke nzukọ ebe ngwaọrụ nanị kwesịrị ka a enịm na osisi na-enweghị mkpa ụzọ ngwaọrụ mkpọ site vias na osisi.

Kwes na mpe mpe akwa - na-ezo aka a obere Chọpụta nke njikọ na mpe mpe akwa na ụgbọelu. Ọ bụrụ na ndị na mpe mpe akwa na-adịghị kwesịrị ekwesị e maka okpomọkụ dissipation, o siri ike ka ikpo na mpe mpe akwa na a zuru ezu soldering okpomọkụ n'oge soldering. Ezighị ezi thermal na mpe mpe akwa imewe ga-eme ka ndị na mpe mpe akwa ọzọ nnyapade na reflow soldering oge dịtụ ogologo.

Chọpụta - A n'ozuzu na-aga n'ihu ụzọ nke ọla kọpa na a osisi.

V-akara - An-ezughị ezu ịkpụ nke osisi na etịbede na osisi site na nke a akara.

Via - A oghere osisi na na a na-eji ịgbanwee n'ókè site otu oyi akwa ọzọ. The nkwụnye oghere na-ezo aka n'elu-onu ekpuchi solder nkpuchi iji gbochie ya si na-soldered. Njikọ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ pin via, n'ihi na ịkwụnye adịghị chọrọ n'ihi na soldering a chọrọ.

Wave soldering - a usoro nke soldering nkwụnye na ngwaọrụ. The osisi a na-gafere na a mgbe nile na-agba site na a wụrụ awụ solder ọkụ na-arụpụta a ufọk ufene elu, na solder ọnụ ọnụ solder ngwaọrụ mkpọ gụrụ pad ọnụ.

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